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In vivo
Studies that are ''in vivo'' (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms usually animals including humans, and plants as opposed to a partial or dead organism, or those done ''in vitro'' ("within the glass"), i.e., in a laboratory environment using test tubes, petri dishes etc. Examples of investigations ''in vivo'' include: the pathogenesis of disease by comparing the effects of bacterial infection with the effects of purified bacterial toxins; the development of antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and new drugs generally; and new surgical procedures. Consequently, animal testing and clinical trials are major elements of ''in vivo'' research. ''In vivo'' testing is often employed over ''in vitro'' because it is better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject. In drug discovery, for example, verification of efficacy ''in vivo'' is crucial, because ''in vitro'' assays can sometimes yield misleading results with drug candidate molecules that are irrelevant ''in vivo'' (e.g., because such molecules cannot reach their site of ''in vivo'' action, for example as a result of rapid catabolism in the liver).〔Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, Temml V, Wang L, Schwaiger S, Heiss EH, Rollinger JM, Schuster D, Breuss JM, Bochkov V, Mihovilovic MD, Kopp B, Bauer R, Dirsch VM, Stuppner H (2015). (Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review ). Biotechnol Adv., Aug 15. PMID 26281720.〕
The English microbiologist Professor Harry Smith and his colleagues in the mid-1950s showed the importance of ''in vivo'' studies. They found that sterile filtrates of serum from animals infected with Bacillus anthracis were lethal for other animals, whereas extracts of culture fluid from the same organism grown ''in vitro'' were not. This discovery of anthrax toxin through the use of ''in vivo'' experiments had a major impact on studies of the pathogenesis of infectious disease.
The maxim ''in vivo veritas'' ("in a living thing (is ) truth")〔(Life Science Technologies, Cell Signaling: In Vivo Veritas ), Science Magazine, 2007〕 is used to describe this type of testing and is a play on ''in vino veritas'', ("in wine (is ) truth") a well-known proverb.
==''In vivo'' vs. ''ex vivo'' research==
In microbiology ''in vivo'' is often used to refer to experimentation done in live isolated cells rather than in a whole organism, for example, cultured cells derived from biopsies. In this situation, the more specific term is ''ex vivo''. Once cells are disrupted and individual parts are tested or analyzed, this is known as ''in vitro''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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